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Resumen El traslado cotidiano entre la casa y el trabajo demanda un importante uso de recursos personales y puede llegar a ser estresante. El objetivo fue construir y evaluar una escala de respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado en transporte público para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México de manera exploratoria. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas con el propósito de identificar emociones asociadas a la experiencia de estrés por el traslado para desarrollar los reactivos de acuerdo con el contexto. Posteriormente, dos estudios cuantitativos permitieron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 196 y 298 personas respectivamente. La aplicación de la escala se realizó en línea en septiembre de 2020 y abril de 2021. Resultados: la escala incluyó 26 respuestas emocionales asociadas al estrés. En el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se redujo a nueve emociones negativas (X2=1183, gl=36, p=.001, KMO=.94, 60% de varianza explicada, Alfa ordinal=.93), corroboradas en el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (X2=41.87, gl=26, X2/gl=1.61, p=.025; RMR=.036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conclusión: la propuesta exploratoria de la escala para evaluar las respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado presenta valores adecuados para aplicarse en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México.
Abstract The stress in urban settings is related to a greater request for personal resources to face situations of daily life, such as the commuting, since in big cities, people spend a lot of time on it, and sometimes is uncomfortable and annoying, which can cause stress. Commuting stress has been assessed, through commuting daily hassles, commuting stressful features and physiological responses, but it is possible assess it through emotional responses. The aim of this study was to develop and assess an exploratory scale of emotional responses for the study of commuting stress by public transport in an urban area of México that is densely populated. Method, a cross sectional design was used, in which a qualitative exploratory study was carried out through 23 individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group, where it was identified the main emotions experienced during the commuting stress to develop the items in the language of the population. Subsequently, those emotions were compared with emotions proposed in previous studies to complement the scale. Thus, 26 emotions were included to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses. Finally, two quantitative studies were carried out to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, in which 196 and 298 people participated, respectively. The scale was applied online in September 2020 and in April 2021. Results, from the 26 emotional stress responses were reduced to nine negative emotions in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (X2=1183, df=36, p=.001, KMO= .94, 60% variance, Alfa ordinal=.93). This solution was corroborated with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (X2=41.87, d.f.=26, X2/d.f.=1.61, p=.025; RMR= .036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conserve only nine negative emotions is due to statistical analysis but also because some emotions referred to conditions of physical exhaustion or body energy level. On the other hand, positive emotions were related with pleasant commuting situations, not with the commuting stress experience. Conclusion, the exploratory scale to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses presents acceptable values to be applied in this urban area of Mexico.
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Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 outbreak has involved a permanent and significant increase of fear and worries related to the virus and the measures taken to avoid contagion, such as confinement. Objective To explore the relationship between emotional responses and coping strategies used to face the first confinement among the Mexican adult population and inquire about differences by sex. Method An exploratory study was conducted through a self-administered online survey. It included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, emotions about pandemic information, and coping strategies. An informed consent form was presented prior to data collection. Chi square and Kruskal-Wallis were performed for bivariate analyses. Results A total of 2,650 participants completed the survey (21.6% were men). Significantly more men than women reported feeling calm (p < .001), hopeful (p = .011), and indifferent (p = .002). In contrast, more women, compared to men significantly reported feeling worried (p < .001), fearful (p < 0.001), and sad (p < .001). More women reported being emotionally close to other people (p = .027), seeking help from friends and family to share emotions and concerns (p < .001), and they frequently prayed as a coping strategy regardless of their emotions (p = .005). Discussion and conclusion While women are the least affected by the contagion and their symptoms are milder than in men, they present the most negative emotions, particularly of worry, but they also used more caring and helpful behaviors in comparison with men. These results can serve as a basis for developing research with a gender perspective that delves into the differences by sex found in this study.
Resumen Introducción El brote de COVID-19 ha implicado un aumento significativo y permanente en el miedo y las preocupaciones relacionadas con el virus y las medidas de mitigación, como el confinamiento. Objetivo Explorar la relación entre emociones y estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas durante el primer confinamiento en población adulta mexicana e indagar sus diferencias por sexo. Método Estudio exploratorio mediante una encuesta en línea autoadministrada. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado antes de recopilar la información. Se utilizó estadística no paramétrica para los análisis bivariados. Las respuestas de estrategias de afrontamiento se analizaron como variables cuantitativas y se reportaron las medias. Resultados Un total de 2,650 participantes completaron la encuesta (21.6% fueron hombres). Significativamente, más hombres que mujeres informaron sentirse calmados (p < .001), esperanzados (p = .011) e indiferentes (p = .002). Más mujeres, en comparación con los hombres, informaron sentirse significativamente preocupadas (p < .001), temerosas (p < .001) y tristes (p < .001). Más mujeres informaron estar emocionalmente cercanas a otras personas (p = .027), buscar ayuda de amigos y familiares para compartir emociones y preocupaciones (p < .001) y utilizar frecuentemente la oración como una estrategia de afrontamiento (p = .005). Discusión y conclusión Aunque las mujeres son las menos afectadas por el contagio en comparación con los hombres, son las que presentan las emociones más negativas, particularmente de preocupación. Sin embargo, también han utilizado más comportamientos de cuidado y ayuda. Estos resultados pueden servir como base para desarrollar investigación con perspectiva de género que profundice en las diferencias por sexo encontradas en este estudio.
ABSTRACT
O uso da expressão 'socioemocional' tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente na literatura de Psicologia. Todavia, seu significado e demarcações operacionais para avaliação em pesquisas muitas vezes não convergem para uma compreensão homogênea. Considerando a relevância atual do tema para a pesquisa psicológica, o presente estudo buscou analisar o conceito a partir de seus contextos de aplicação e operacionalização. Foi conduzida uma busca de artigos publicados em periódicos de Psicologia entre 2005 e 2015 consultando as bases Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scielo e PePSIC. Para a busca foram utilizados os termos "socioemocional" e "psicologia" nas línguas inglesa e portuguesa. A análise conceitual conectiva buscou verificar os contextos de enunciação, os termos conectivos, e o grau de explicitude operacional relativos aos usos da expressão socioemocional. A busca retornou 198 artigos que, após filtragem, considerando apenas estudos empíricos não repetidos, reteve 74 artigos para a análise conceitual. Os resultados evidenciaram uma prevalência de textos publicados nas áreas de educação e psicologia do desenvolvimento. Ao todo, 26 termos conectivos foram registrados na vinculação com a expressão socioemocional. Prevaleceram os estudos em que a expressão socioemocional não apresentou definição explícita em sua enunciação. Conclui-se que, embora o uso da expressão socioemocional seja crescente na literatura de Psicologia, sua circulação e operacionalização heterogêneas demonstram a estrutura probabilística do conceito, referindo uma base teórica pouco clara na explicitação dos construtos e uma forte ênfase nas técnicas de avaliação para a definição do uso da expressão socioemocional.
The use of the expression 'socioemotional' has become increasingly frequent in current psychological literature. However, it's meaning and operational demarcations in research evaluation often do not converge to a homogeneous understanding. Considering the current relevance of the topic in psychological research, the present study sought to analyze the concept usage from its application and operationalization contexts. A search for articles published in journals of Psychology between 2005 and 2015 was conducted by consulting Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scielo and PePSIC databases. The terms "socioemotional" and "psychology" were used in English and Portuguese languages. The conceptual analysis sought to verify the contexts of enunciation, the connective terms, and the degree of operational explanation of the uses of the expression 'socioemotional'. The search returned 198 articles which, after filtering, considering only the inclusion of non-repeated empirical studies, retained 74 articles for the conceptual analysis. The results showed a prevalence of publications in the areas of education and developmental psychology. Altogether, 26 connective terms were recorded in association with the expression 'socioemotional'. Studies in which the expression did not present an explicit definition in its enunciation prevailed. It was concluded that although the usage of the expression 'socioemotional' is increasing in psychological literature, its heterogeneous circulation and operationalization demonstrates a probabilistic structure of the concept, referring to an unclear theoretical basis in the explanation of the constructs and a strong emphasis on evaluation techniques to define the use of the expression 'socioemotional'.
El uso de la expresión "socioemocional" se ha vuelto frecuente en la investigación psicológica actual. Sin embargo, su significado y demarcación operacional en la investigación no convergen a una comprensión homogénea. Teniendo en cuenta la relevancia actual del tema, el presente estudio trató de analizar el uso del concepto socioemocional hasta sus contextos de aplicación y operacionalización. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados en revistas de Psicología entre 2005 y 2015 consultando las bases de datos Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scielo y PePSIC. Los términos "socioemocional" y "psicología" se utilizaron en inglés y portugués. Un análisis conceptual conectivo buscó verificar los contextos de enunciación, los términos conectivos y el grado de explicación operacional de los usos de las expresiones socioemocionales. La búsqueda devolvió 198 artículos, los cuales, considerando solo la inclusión de estudios empíricos no repetidos, conservaron 74 artículos para el análisis conceptual. Los resultados mostraron una concentración de publicaciones en las áreas de educación y psicología del desarrollo. En total, 26 términos conectivos se registraron en asociación con la expresión socioemocional. Hubo una alta prevalencia de estudios en que las expresiones socioemocionales no fueron explícitamente destacadas en su enunciación. Los resultados evidenciaron que, aunque el uso de la expresión socioemocional está aumentando en la literatura psicológica, su circulación heterogénea y operacionalización demuestra una estructura probabilística de uso conceptual. Esta conclusión destaca una base teórica poco clara de enunciado de constructo y un fuerte énfasis en las técnicas de evaluación para la definición de uso de la expresión socioemocional.
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Education , Psychology, Developmental , Research , Evaluation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Resumen Se realizó un estudio exploratorio a 600 adultos del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, vinculado con la infidelidad, tipificando la población por medio de una taxonomía de respuestas emocionales con un cuestionario online. Según estudios anteriores, y por el contrario que las mujeres, los hombres mostrarían reacciones celosas de tipo sexual y no emocional, ya que la infidelidad femenina podría conducir a la posibilidad de que tuvieran que mantener descendientes que no fueran genéticamente suyos. Las conductas se organizaron de acuerdo con la Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale, distinguiendo tres clases de respuestas: ambiguas, explícitas y las engañosas. Utilizando Chi cuadrado, se discuten las diferencias respecto a estas variables: la edad, el estado civil, el género, nivel educativo y creencias religiosas.
Abstract An exploratory study was conducted on 600 adults from the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires regarded infidelity, typifying the population through a taxonomy of emotional responses with an online questionnaire. According to previous research, and opposite to women, men would show sexual and non-emotional jealousies responses, since female infidelity could lead to the possibility of having offspring that were not genetically theirs. Behaviors were organized according to the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale, distinguishing three kinds of responses: ambiguous, explicit and misleading ones. Using Chi square, we discuss the differences regarding these variables: age, marital status, gender, educational level and religious practices.
Subject(s)
Social Behavior , Expressed Emotion , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
Background: Emotions are generic and central to most of the theories and therapies in psychology as well as an important criterion in the psychopathology of various psychiatric disorders. Though the terminology and techniques are varied, every school of therapy attempts to address emotions. Recently there is an increased focus on addressing emotions in psychotherapy. Objective: This paper aims to trace the significance given to emotions in psychological theories and therapies as well as to understand and evaluate the current status of therapeutic interventions addressing emotions. Discussion: There is obvious increase in the importance given to addressing and assessing of emotions. Emotions have become the focus of therapy and an important outcome variable in many recent therapies. However, there is still a lack of systematic assessment methods, measures as well as specific therapeutic components to address emotions. There is also lack of clarity in the terminologies used to refer to ‘emotions’. Finally, the processes and therapeutic factors leading to better emotional regulation are in their nascence and needs systematic exploration. Conclusion: Certain processes such as experiencing deep affect in therapy, depth of processing, reflection on emotions, understanding roots of emotions and using positive emotions to deal with negative emotions are seen to result in positive change. However, there is need for uniform use of terminologies, quantitative and qualitative assessment and methodologies and theoretically grounded therapeutic components to address ‘emotions’ in Psychotherapy.
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The combined influence of tempo and mode on emotional responses to music was studied by crossing 7 changes in mode with 3 changes in tempo. Twenty-four musicians aged 19 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) and 24 nonmusicians aged 17 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) were required to perform two tasks: 1) listening to different musical excerpts, and 2) associating an emotion to them such as happiness, serenity, fear, anger, or sadness. ANOVA showed that increasing the tempo strongly affected the arousal (F(2,116) = 268.62, mean square error (MSE) = 0.6676, P < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the valence of emotional responses (F(6,348) = 8.71, MSE = 0.6196, P < 0.001). Changes in modes modulated the affective valence of the perceived emotions (F(6,348) = 4.24, MSE = 0.6764, P < 0.001). Some interactive effects were found between tempo and mode (F (1,58) = 115.6, MSE = 0.6428, P < 0.001), but, in most cases, the two parameters had additive effects. This finding demonstrates that small changes in the pitch structures of modes modulate the emotions associated with the pieces, confirming the cognitive foundation of emotional responses to music.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Emotions/physiology , Music/psychology , Psychoacoustics , Perception/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Time FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of hand reflexology on the physiological?emotional responses and immunity of the patients with chronic illness. This study looked specifically at patients with chronic renal failure(CRF) and cancer patients. METHOD: This study was designed as a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group pre and post test. Subjects were 54 patients who received dialysis and chemotherapy in one hospital. Thirty-one patients were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. The hand reflexology was applied to both hands of the experiment group for ten minutes each time, 5 times during three days. For data collection, physiological lab levels, immune cells of blood and questionnaires for emotional responses were measured before and after the program. RESULT: BT of the experiment group was decreased significantly on both of the 1st and the 5th application. PR and BP were decreased significantly on the 1st times, but not 5th times. Hb levels of the experimental group were significantly increased. And emotional responses, vigor and mood scores of the experiment group were significantly increased. B cell and CD19 were increased significantly on the experiment group. Suppressor T cell and NK cell showed significant decrease after the program, but no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: We have found that the hand reflexology helps the chronic patients to improve physiological emotional responses and the immune reaction. Through this result, the hand reflexology is effective as a intervention of psychoneuroimmunologic function.